Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz,

An additional analysis of the data in relation to country averages produced results independent of the country context. The goal of the present study is to determine what types of emotions are displayed by mayors in social media. The author explores the problem of territorial reorganization of the metropolitan area within the Canadian evolutionary federal system, taking as an example the cities Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz Toronto and Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz.

Learn about institutional subscriptions. Table of contents 9 chapters Search within book Search.

Devoted to the idea of writing · Pragmatic prostitution Artur Międzyrzecki · Censored correspondence · Joining the PEN Club · Friendship with Monika. ry society was plagued with poverty, crime, prostitution, alcoholism and disease, all be- Miedzyrzecz and is situated in Poland.

Front Matter Pages i-xvii. We Are All Witnesses. Instead of an Introduction Maryla Hopfinger Pages Hand in Hand. Documents and Fictions Wojciech Wilczyk Pages Back Matter Pages About this book This book concerns building an idealized image Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz the society in which the Holocaust Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz.

It inspects the category of the bystander in Polish culture closely related to the witnesssince the war recognized as the axis of self-presentation and majority politics of memory.

Bystanders were neither passive nor distanced; rather, they participated and played important roles in Nazi plans. Starting with the war, the authors analyze the functions of this category in the Polish discourse of memory through following its changing forms and showing links with social practices organizing the collective memory. Despite being often critiqued, this point of dispute about Polish memory rarely belongs to mainstream culture.

It also blocks the memory of Polish violence against Jews. The book is intended for students and researchers interested in memory studies, the history of the Holocaust, the memory of genocide, and the war and postwar cultures Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz Poland and Eastern Europe.

Back to top. A spatial development plan for a voivodship includes many aspects which need to be decided upon. However, the implementation of this plan is largely independent of the Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz of the local government.

The theory of planning including spatial planning emphasises that implementation of the plan is an inherent aspect of planning.

Therefore, the article Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz to what extent regional spatial planning can actually be considered planning. Transport exclusion is currently Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz serious Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz problem, especially in the counties of the Low Beskids and the Bieszczady Mountains.

To better illustrate this problem, it is necessary to observe changes in the suburban public transportation network and, in particular, to identify Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz where its quality has deteriorated significantly.

The starting point of Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz research is the yearwhen on the one hand, the economy was already shifting to Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz new free market principles, while on the other hand, PKS enterprises still dominated the public transport. The endpoint of the study is the beginning of the year The article also discusses the background of the described changes. The summary also includes the consequences of those processes Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz well as the recommendations on how Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz neutralise some of their negative effects.

A questionnaire survey was designed as a universal tool for studying digital maturity in a cyclical, low-cost manner, which provides extensive information by verifying various areas of municipal activity and then formulating conclusions for climate and regional policies, etc.

The rising costs of educational tasks due to the decreasing number of students force municipal authorities to take cost-saving measures, including the most radical form, that is closing down schools. Such decisions are not popular with the local residents and in all the examined municipalities have caused conflicts between the stakeholders of local educational policy.

The aim of the article is to present actions taken by municipal authorities to reduce the negative effects of conflicts arising in connection with the liquidation Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz schools. The authors focus Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz the activities of municipal Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz to curb the negative consequences Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz the Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz, but turn out to be financially ineffective.

The article was based on the analysis of Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz subject literature, as well as the results of empirical research conducted by the authors. The theoretical framework draws on selected concepts of conflict management and the polarity management model.

The paper analyses the changes in the scale of the rural economic activity and identifies their selected determinants. The socio-demographic characteristics of the labour resources and the economic differences between rural regions in Poland were analysed as reasons for the dissimilar levels of rural Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz.

The studies indicated similar values of the employment rate for urban and rural areas, while the differences in its level within the selected social categories were much more visible for rural populations. This reflected a persistence of territorial disparities in labour markets as well as a trend towards their convergence. The level of territorial differences in the rural employment in Poland was moderate and should be linked with regional economic characteristics.

In this context, the allocation of rural labour supply could be attributed to the impact of cities and their functional areas and to the progress in economic Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz of villages located in a particular region.

The discussion section of the paper Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz the institutional opportunities and barriers increasing rural economic activity.

The presented conclusions were based on the Central Statistical Office data mainly the Labour Force Survey and the Local Data Bank and statistical and comparative analysis methods. The paper discusses regional disparities in Poland in their many dimensions and aspects economic, social and political. Individual phenomena basically have a similar spatial representation, which can be seen as a corroboration of the well-known thesis on the existence of a strong interdependency of many phenomena in the development process.

Both characteristics of these differences, showing their complexity and historical factors suggest caution as to what can realistically be expected of regional policy because it can change the objective reality only gradually and only to a limited extent. The paper ends with some recommendations for regional policy. The objective of this Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz is to present the role Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz the relationship between the location and financial performance of local government units.

Recent acceleration of suburbanisation processes not only results in socioeconomic changes in municipalities surrounding cities but also Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz their financial performance. The research proved that the closer a municipality is to an urban Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz, the greater its financial autonomy, liquidity and investments, yet at Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz higher level of debt.

For many years, public participation has been a very popular subject of research and of interest for practitioners. Little attention has been devoted, however, to the issues of formal and organizational Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz of managing this process.

The paper contains the results of research aimed at creating the concept of participation infrastructure and at measuring its application in 17 Polish cities. For these purposes, the authors develop their own method of examining the practical use of participation tools. Typologies of participation tools are created and Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz are Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz according to their advancement, basing on the results of the research.

The most popular and most willingly used tools are indicated, together with the levels of their Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz. The article presents the factors influencing the choice of local transport delivery modes in Poland.

It is the first quantitative study Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz on a representative sample of municipalities since the Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz, and it concerns three service Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz modes: contracting-out, cooperation, and corporatization.

Most local governments do not invest their own resources to deliver local transport, but rather act as a private market supply regulator and contract the service out to private enterprises. Some of them act based on functional connections within metropolitan areas, joining forces with other local governments.

More affluent and densely populated cities opt for corporatization, which gives them greater political control over the Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz process. The presented results are useful for decision-makers who have to select the mode of local transport service provision, as they characterize the municipalities which, inchose one of the three analyzed modes. The goal of the present study is to determine what types of emotions are displayed by mayors in social media. Their posts at the Facebook social network were tested using sentiment analysis.

In their personal profile pages, mayors also favour information about specific decisions rather than more general information about Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz in the municipality. The most important conclusion is that the mayors use emotionally charged social media posts more often than the administrators of the city organization profiles, and that these are usually positive emotions.

The main purpose of this article is to systematize issues related to recognizing and measuring the gentrification process using quantitative methods. The article discusses the definition of gentrification, its phases and types, factors influencing the creation and development of the process, as well as gentrification indicators, and it briefly reviews existing research of their use. Although there are Polish publications on the process of gentrification, there is a perceptible lack of comparison of gentrification indicators and the conditions in which they are used.

The aim of the article is to identify in spatial and thematic terms the so-called special areas in strategic and planning documents at the national and regional levels, and a quantitative and qualitative description of spatial delimitations comprising the communes categorised in particular special areas.

The analysis included documents at the national, supra-regional and regional levels, i. All the special areas Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz vectorised or assigned to the relevant municipalities, and then such issues as the number of special areas within them were examined.

The analysis demonstrated significant over-regulation of strategic planning in one of the communes 87 Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz categories of special areas at the national or regional Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz were identified. The paper focuses on problems related to modelling the development of maritime economic space.

Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz entirely new issue has Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz from the recent changes in the intensity of use of marine areas.

First, the economic significance of maritime space is discussed, followed by a simple model based on maritime spatial rent which aims at explaining Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz patterns of its development. Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz model encapsulates the interplay between both market and public choice factors that affect the development of maritime space.

The paper also includes a discussion of attempts to obtain a monetary value of maritime spatial rent for key offshore maritime sectors in Poland. The paper concludes with suggestions on further developments in this Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz. The article discusses the involvement of the US federal government in the policy of urban development in the years The implementation paradox, understood Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz a limited ability to achieve national policy objectives as a result of the empowerment of potential adversaries, and the changing views of the successive presidents on federalism were considered crucial in explaining the discussed issue.

The following categories have been used: federalism, orientation and instruments of development, and financial outlays for development. Orientation and instruments of Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz have been presented on the basis of selected federal programmes addressed to cities, and outlays — based on federal budgets.

Three generations of public policy implementation theories constitute the theoretical framework of the study. In conclusion, the author points to the withdrawal of the federal government and the Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz importance of state authorities in urban development policy. The article is an analysis of Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz changing role and position of research on local governments in Central and Eastern Europe in the mainstream European studies. The article refers to dependency theory Wallerstein, Prebish applied to scientific research.

It classifies Central and Eastern Europe as a half-periphery of academic research. Empirical analysis Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz of two parts. The first — qualitative — is a review of the most important comparative studies of European local governments and includes Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz of the role of local governments and researchers from the Eastern part of the continent in those studies.

The second — quantitative — is based on an analysis of articles published in the best international Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz and citations of those articles in the Scopus database. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze depopulation processes of rural areas in Lower Silesia in Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz years — The authors intend to determine the scale, durability and spatial distribution of depopulation in rural areas, as well as to analyze the factors of population changes which contribute to population loss.

It helps them to identify depopulating rural areas and to draw up their typology according to the specificity of contemporary demographic changes.

With reference to the scale of depopulation, four types of rural areas are distinguished developing, stagnating, depopulating, intensively depopulatingand according to the Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz of depopulation five types are identified constantly developing, episodically depopulating, temporarily depopulating, prevalently depopulating, constantly depopulating.

The analysis shows that depopulation is a problem in the rural areas of the Sudety Mts. What is more, the processes of depopulation in Lower Silesia should not be associated exclusively with villages located in the Sudetes.

In depopulating rural areas of Lower Silesia, the population decline is compounded by negative demographic trends low birth rate, increase in post-working age population.

The Holocaust Bystander in Polish Culture, 1942-2015

The article offers a multidimensional analysis of the dynamics of population ageing Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz Poland. To this end, the spatial dynamic shift-share method is used. The data used in the analysis include the number of people aged 65 or over per 1, population, based on the criteria of sex and place of residence urban or rural areas in 72 Polish subregions in the period from to The study analyses the pace of changes in the scale of the phenomenon and identifies structural and local factors Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz the net effect in specific subregions.

In effect, subregions with Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz greatest pace of change and its underpinning factors are identified.

Site Map - Web of Stories

The paper aims to Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz the major trends in changes of regional differences of economic wellbeing and the resulting spatial mobility of population as well as some regional consequences of these processes. The research is based on an empirical methodology, and visual analysis of mapped data is the main research method.

Since the Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz of the Soviet Union, fast decrease of employment in industry and agriculture has damaged, first of all, peripheral regions and, Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz, resulted in mass emigration, which is still evident in most Lithuanian municipalities.

Sama River Blues Międzyrzecz 2017

The decrease of the number of jobs in these sectors and its increase in those located in different places meant that most residents of non-metropolitan regions had to find new jobs outside the localities in which Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz resided. This resulted in growing mobility of the population, expressed by Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz foreign emigration, inner migrations, and commuting, which continue to shape the social structure of the country to the present day, as spatial structures change more slowly than modes of production.

Differences in wellbeing, which appeared at the end of the 20th century, played a role in accelerating emigration processes, Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz are still damaging local labour supply and economic development in many regions.

The second goal is to examine the phenomenon of free riding on the common pool in the context of the local-level territorial reform. The analysis, based on a quasi-experimental scheme using the synthetic control method, unlike previous studies, did not confirm the free riding hypothesis. The author explores the problem of territorial reorganization of the metropolitan area within the Canadian evolutionary federal system, taking as an example the cities of Toronto and Montreal.

The existence of strong local self-government favours creation of intercommunal cooperation structures without dissolution of current local territorial units. Territorial reorganization in the case of states with a low level of local autonomy may facilitate elimination of former local units by theirs amalgamation in new, larger metropolitan self-government structures.

As far as this context is concerned, Canada constitutes a very interesting study case. Taking into consideration Canadian evolutionary federal system, highly Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz local autonomy of the cities, and its Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz of European and American traditions, one can observe almost all the above-mentioned Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz of reform and adaptation strategies. Advanced and institutionalized intercommunal cooperation, developed in Toronto and Montreal in the middle of the 20th century, was interrupted by amalgamation imposed by provincial government, which resulted Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz creation of new, enlarged metropolitan cities of Toronto in and Montreal in In both cases the amalgamation has not been accepted by a part of the population and destabilized cooperation in these metropolitan areas.

The trouble Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz amalgamation led to abandonment of further structural and territorial reforms, which were replaced by functional ones, taking the form of special agreements between Toronto and Montreal and their respective provinces Ontario and Prostitutes Miedzyrzeczgiving them both new competences and financial resources.

Regardless of any difficulties in pursuing an appropriate metropolitan regime and the suitable position for the metropolis in the structure of a political and territorial system, both cities have achieved strong economic performance and high quality of life.

The purpose of this article is to define the phenomenon of regionalism from the sociological perspective. Regionalism as such appeared in Europe around the mid-nineteenth century, and since Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz has become an object of scientific research.

The article Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz an integral definition of regionalism and describes its four dimensions: identity, institutions, ideology and practice. It also identifies the cultural, economic and political types of regionalism and outlines the process of shaping regionalism in the long-term perspective.

The article describes the influence of the nation state on the evolution of regionalism and analyses the relationship between regionalism and processes of state decentralisation. It also describes mutual relations of the European Union and its policies with regionalism, which is being transformed due to globalisation.

The article aims to identify the geographical dimension of social in justice in the context Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz the existing permanent differences in the level of socio-economic development in Poland from the geographical and historical point of view. It also discusses the consequences of these inequalities for development policy on regional and local levels. The study consists of two essential parts. Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz first Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz presents synthetic deliberations on the geographical aspect of the social justice discussed.

In the second part, an attempt was made to exemplify a geographical dimension of social in justice through the analysis of the spatial distribution of the socio-economic development level a synthetic indicator and selected partial indicators. The results of the conducted research confirm the existence of considerable developmental differences in the Polish Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz. Their strength is historically determined and, despite the passage of time, their pattern invariably corresponds to the former partition boundaries.

These disparities are not minimised and the influence of economic growth on the income rise remains limited, especially in economically weaker areas, which leads to growing social dissatisfaction. Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz a result, Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz can conclude that in Poland those Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz constitute the geographical dimension of social in justice.

As a consequence of the global financial crisis which began inthe amount of debt of the local government Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz in OECD countries has remarkably increased. In Poland, the debt of local governments has started to fall gradually after reaching its peak in nominal terms in In this article, we examine how the ability of local governments to repay their debts changed over the period.

The analysis reveals that, despite their considerable nominal indebtedness, local governments had already returned to a strong debt repayment capacity at the end ofobserved formerly at the end of However, at the end ofone in eight local governments had become overindebted in terms of their repayment capacity, despite the rigorous statutory debt limits imposed in Poland. The functioning of universities affects not only the city, the surrounding Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz of the municipality, but also the entire region and other places of residence and employment of graduates.

The research corroborated the hypothesis that the way in which students perceive the city is important for the further development Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz the city. One of the most important features of Eastern Poland is its peripheral character.

This region Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz often associated with various negative socio-economic phenomena. Population processes, including the problem of depopulation, affect a large part of rural areas of the macroregion. The main aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of the demographic changes occurring in rural areas of Eastern Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz in — on selected areas of socio-economic life, as well as to attempt to determine the scale of the changes and their spatial consequences in the field of education, entrepreneurship, Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz, housing, and public finances.

The paper aims to identify the scope and propose a systematisation of the contemporary redefinition Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz regional development factors, influenced by global conditions.

The research process comprised three stages: 1 a brief review of the theoretical foundations Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz changes in the understanding of regional development factors; 2 presentation of the findings relating to the directions and impact of contemporary socio-economic megatrends on changes of regional development factors, and 3 the main body of the analysis, which identifies and describes Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz nature of changes in the perception of regional development factors as a consequence of contemporary global conditions.

The present paper focuses on creative clusters in Poland. Its main goal is to determine Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz factors behind the establishment of creative clusters and Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz factors limiting Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz activity.

The Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz shows that the most Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz factors contributing to the creation of clusters are internal: the willingness to cooperate, Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz between knowledgeable entities, and to strengthen market position and the range of influence. The barriers are: reluctance to share knowledge, the advantage of rivalry over cooperation, poorly perceived flow of employees in clusters internal factorsas well as dependence on external financing and lack of interest on the part of local government units external factors.

Migration management is one of the key tasks faced by regional authorities in Poland, which experience deepening processes of shrinking and ageing of population. The aim of the article is to determine whether policy makers are aware of the role of migration processes and migration policy, to show their presence in demographic development strategies, and to describe the activities undertaken at the regional level in response to the ongoing demographic processes.

An analysis of documents and interviews with people responsible for regional demographic policy confirms they are aware of ongoing Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz processes and their consequences, at the same time, however, there is a lack of actions aimed at stimulating inflows of foreigners. The initiatives aimed at stopping the population from emigrating are more important. The purpose of the article is to present the evolution of the economic space in the modern metropolis.

The paper systematizes the Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz important changes of that space, in particular those Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz in the emergence of new areas and places of economic activity. To present this evolution, three axes illustrating various types of activity are used, constituting the contemporary pillars of metropolis development: production and technology, control and information, and consumption Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz culture.

The ongoing transformation is shown in the context of centrifugal and centripetal The purpose of the article is to present the evolution of the economic space in the modern metropolis. The ongoing transformation is shown in the context of centrifugal and centripetal. Local tax competition in Poland?. Miscellanea Geographica, 20 3 The Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz considers the usefulness of the tax competition theory for the analysis of local tax policies in Poland.

The Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz has been successfully used for analyses conducted in several European countries, but it has not been systematically tested in Poland yet. There are two types of competition discussed in the paper: classic competition for mobile tax base and yardstick competition, in which local politicians compete for political capital related to a comparison of tax rates with neighbouring municipalities.

Due to the limited size and types of local taxes in Poland, it is expected that yardstick competition is more important than classic competition for mobile tax base. The Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz also examines regional variation in the intensity of local tax competition, and it formulates the hypothesis that it is more visible in regions with higher bridging social capital.

Results of the conducted research indicate Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz the theory of local tax competition is a useful concept helping to explain the variation in tax policies among Polish municipalities.

ry society was plagued with poverty, crime, prostitution, alcoholism and disease, all be- Miedzyrzecz and is situated in Poland. and prostitutes and, given their nomadic lifestyle,. Sinti and Roma. Political opponents (mainly as incorporated into the Third Reich: Międzyrzecz.

The purpose of this study is to identify the determinants of innovation of enterprises in the Regional Innovation System context. We analyse factors that determine regional innovation in a less developed region, Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz the Podkarpackie region Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz Poland as our empirical counterpart.

We examine how the EU economic policy instruments influence the innovation of enterprises within the context of the Regional Innovation Systems. We Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz a model for the implementation of innovations and test our hypotheses based on the data drawn Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz the period of — The paper provides insights on a rather successful story from Poland. The issues of construction and modernisation of checkpoints, implementation of European border standards, customs and other types of control at the state border of Ukraine and the EU countries have been researched.

The mechanisms of in-depth cooperation in the field Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz integrated border management under conditions of implementing the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU have been elucidated.

Cross-border economic relations are analysed by many researchers. However, the concepts of cross-border cooperation illustrated in the literature of regional studies do not present the EU market as a factor Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz cross-border economic relations. In consequence, it is necessary to carry out an in-depth analysis of the literature on cross-border cooperation and economic integration in order to capture the impact of the single market on cross-border relations.

The aim of this study is to describe cross-border cooperation in the Polish-German border area, taking into account the economics of the single market. An additional objective is to determine the relationship between the level of economic growth of the examined units and the state of their economic base.

The obtained results confirm the hypothesis that the economic sector is not a significant part of total employment in the surveyed units. At the same time, the exogenous employment structure is poorly diversified, and in the period under Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz it decreased even further, exposing local economies to external shocks.

Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz is also a positive, although weak effect of the increase in local Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz on the level of revenue Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz local self-government units and on their level of unemployment. This paper examines the impact of the implementation of participatory budget PB projects on the development and creation of public spaces in the city.

The Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz part of the paper describes the main assumptions and models of participatory budgeting as well as the legal basis and rules of PB implementation and financing in Poland. In the second part, those are confronted with the implementation of PB civic and green in Lublin in Furthermore, the spatial distribution and thematic scope of those investments in 27 districts of Lublin in relation Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz 10 categories selected by the authors as well as the motivation and activity of residents of individual districts in applying for projects were presented.

The summary includes recommendations on how to effectively implement Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz to create a high quality public space in cities. Three aspects are distinguished: 1 organizational and procedural; 2 mobilisation of the stakeholders and 3 implementation of projects.

Modern cities are developing dynamically in search of ever newer concepts of management. One of them, developed in Poland since the s, is Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz concept of the marketing management of the city, which is based on the marketing mix concept.

The city Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz also look for new sources of the competitive advantage this is how the concept of slow city management was born. At Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz same time, in addition to competition, there is a desire for cooperation between cities, manifested by the development of the Citt?

The study identifies the marketing mix instruments of cities which Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz used by Polish cities after they joined the Citt?

The method employed was a questionnaire survey, which was sent to 26 Polish Citt? It was observed that the greatest changes occur in the product strategies under which cities are obliged to develop these urban sub-products that are necessary Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz the city to function in accordance with the slow city philosophy.

As part of promotional efforts, PR activities should be emphasised, whose aim is to create the image of a slow city. The aim of the article is to present Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz local government in Georgia. Among post-Soviet, non-EU states, Georgia may be praised for the greatest progress in reforming local and regional authorities.

It does not mean, however, that the decentralisation process is over. It has been blocked mainly by the Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz of own incomes of local governments and limitations of a political Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz. In order to assess the state of development of local government in Georgia, the author has made a review of legislation and an analysis of press releases, statistical data and reports of experts.

He also used a case study of the former mayor of Tbilisi, Gigi Ugulava. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 16 61 Afterthe number of local public transport passengers has been systematically decreasing at the expense of individual transport, which led to an increase in traffic congestion and deterioration of air quality in cities. However, for the last few years, a reversal of this trend has been observed in some cities.

The Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz, using the data on Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz present number and recent changes in the number of passengers in nearly Polish cities, discusses regression models to explain the factors influencing the diversity of demand for public transport services and its Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz.

The independent variables of the model refer both to the characteristics of cities their socio-economic environment and the organisation of services e. The results show that the density of the Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz transport network is the most significant factor explaining variation of the demand, while the level of ticket prices Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz almost insignificant.

Demand in the Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz cities has also recently been on the increase, but the relationship between the demand and the population size of the city is not a linear one. Revitalisation, which is defined as a planned process of restoring deprived areas, entails the difficult challenge of achieving long-lasting spatial, economic and social effects.

In Poland, the accompanying inflow of European Union funds not only fosters a wide range of activities for entities involved in urban renewal, but also raises a question about the potential dysfunction of investments in deprived areas. The goal of the LRP projects was to promote the rehabilitation of deprived housing areas. The initial results, however, indicate that these projects are characterised by specific pitfalls, which include touristification, uniformisation, gentrification and social polarisation.

First, it shows how the role of the mayor is measured, taking into account various institutional settings such as the election system, the scope of competences vis-? The right Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz the city is being able to co-decide about the Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz by its inhabitants.

It can be implemented by means Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz urban participation that consists of two elements — a formal framework created by municipal authorities that enables city residents to join decision-making processes as well as readiness and willingness of the inhabitants to engage in such processes. In this context, the aim of the article is to describe the category of urban participation and offer a critical analysis of participatory processes and their determinants.

The paper deals with the issue of filling seats without voting in elections to councils in municipalities with up to 20, inhabitants. The Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz discusses the findings from a survey conducted on representative samples from three historically dissimilar regions of Poland Eastern Poland, Galicia, western and northern regions and two in Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz western and eastern Ukraine.

It outlines the results of analyses investigating Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz disparities in Poland and Ukraine, and similarities shared by Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz the five regions in terms of different aspects of Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz and national identity, taking into account the role of objective factors affecting regional disparities mainly urbanisation rates.

A series of cluster analyses has proven that the area of Poland is much more Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz than that of Ukraine. Likewise, western Ukrainians showed more similarity to the inhabitants of eastern and south-eastern regions of Poland than to the eastern parts Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz Ukraine. In the past twenty years, research on the measurement Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz social capital Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz been among the leading areas of interest in social sciences.

The impact of ethnic diversity on the level of social capital is an interesting aspect of this research. According to Robert Putnam, in the U. Various research initiatives implemented in Europe indicate, however, that ethnic diversity does not have a significantly negative correlation with social capital, and, that examples of its positive impact on social capital can be found.

The article presents a quantitative analysis conducted in 20 municipalities of the Opolskie Voivodship 10 of them ethnically homogeneous, and 10 — ethnically diversified in order to analyse this relationship.

On the basis of the Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz collected in the analysis, it can be stated that in the surveyed region, ethnic diversity is not a factor with a negative impact on the level of social capital, and it is also highly Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz that it is a factor Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz enhances social capital, at least its bonding dimension. The article analyses the implementation activities undertaken in cities with county rights.

It indicates that before the entry into force of the Act, 55 cities out of 66 had already implemented such an arrangement, and, in their case, the Act helped unify the procedures.

The article also points Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz that some cities did not implement these regulations before the beginning of the 8th term of office of local governments, and in several cases there were problems with the implementation, which prevented citizens from exercising their resolution initiative.

The article presents the legal status as of 31 December Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz article analyses the participation of nation-wide parties in the elections of local authorities: municipal councils and mayors. There is no empirical confirmation of the assumption that along with the democratic consolidation in Poland, political parties strengthen their presence in Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz governments.

Between and the overall spread of national parties in local elections decreased, even though the national party system Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz the parliamentary arena was relatively consolidated.

Among parliamentary parties, only four: Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz, PiS, PS and SLD, maintained their significant representation in local governments, but the share of power at the local level which they were able to win varied considerably. LPR and Samoobrona rapidly lost their significance after their defeat in the parliamentary elections. The analyses confirm a positive and stable over time relationship between the level of party politicisation of local governments and the size of the municipality.

Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz is the Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz This question only superficially refers to the past when at least some cities were in fact law-making, autonomous communities of their citizens. Unlike in the past, the contemporary city is a random collection of individuals gathered in a space with no clear boundaries, who in their majority have a weak sense of identification with the place of their residence, whether longer or shorter.

The residents of such a city are not citizens but merely users of space which has become a commodity. Taking Warsaw as an example, the paper shows the process of selling out the city space, which is driven by globalisation and metropolisation processes. The consequence Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz this is privatisation and fragmentation of space, leading to the evaporation of public space in the city. The article focuses on the beliefs of the regional political elites in Poland Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz the models of democracy, operationalised as opinions about political representation, direct democracy and elite integration.

The empirical basis is a questionnaire survey of members of regional political elites carried out in The sample consists of councillors of Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz term of regional voivodship assemblies and town councils of big cities. The data show that an incoherence of views characterises the regional political elite: they do not form a more general vision of the democratic process, and detailed opinions on representation, direct democracy and elite integration poorly correlate with independent variables, including those describing political affiliations, i.

The primary explanation for this incoherent image is the thesis about the lack of professionalisation of the regional elite. The main goal of the article was to verify gains and losses coming from participating in the global economy in the light of the core—periphery theory.

It turned out to be undeniably true that transfers of industrial production to peripheral countries Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz to higher living standards and indirectly favour political stability in core countries, while the hypothesis that the global financial market is a tool for exploitation of peripheral countries was proved to be false.

The author established that financial speculations in Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz countries cause political destabilization in peripheral Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz, and disproved the hypothesis that the higher the participation of periphery countries in the global economy, the higher the losses they suffer and the higher the advantages in core countries.

One of the elements of the implementation of the European Union Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz for the Baltic Sea Region is completion of Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz flagship Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz.

The article presents the results of a study carried out with the participation of the coordinators of the flagship project partners in the Baltic Sea region. The study of the flagship projects was aimed at analysing the Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz of the EUSBSR through these projects and at complementing the quantitative results. As a result of the research, specific results and recommendations for actors affecting the operation of the EUSBSR are presented in the conclusions.

The paper discusses the subject of intersectoral cooperation in sustainable development projects in order to identify social value created by the cooperating partners. There were several questions posed to find out what kind Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz social value is created in sustainable development projects undertaken by stakeholders from different sectors, and what is the role of such intersectoral cooperation in the process of creating social value.

The empirical part of the work presents case studies from selected projects. As the results demonstrate, the use of mutual potentials Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz for a more effective creation and use of value by a wider circle of stakeholders.

A higher quality of services is achieved and, what is more, a wider range of social value is created. Social value in the local cooperation model is universal in terms of implementation, creation and use for various crosssectoral sustainable development projects. The study aims to explore the Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz of perceived air pollution and objective air pollution in the context of various subjective wellbeing SWB measures.

An original survey data is used, and matched with exogenous levels of Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz. The log-linear analysis and the Two-Stage Conditional Maximum Likelihood Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz have found both the perceived and objective air pollution to have a negative effect on reported life satisfaction. Using the instrumental variable approach, the hypothesis of endogeneity of perceived pollution to SWB is rejected. Since the very beginning of their Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz, municipalities, counties and regions voivodeships have been struggling with financial problems.

Unfortunately, these problems affect the performance of the tasks assigned to these administrative units, including the standard of provided services and investment activities. Although extensive, the scale of the unsatisfied needs in LGUs varies between individual units, including municipalities.

Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz, the positive financial results the balance at the closure of the fiscal year achieved by local government units in Poland in the recent years, as well as their future, offer an intriguing topic Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz research.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the causes that: 1 underpin the re-evaluation of the LGU goals from the implementation of the local government mission to achieving a budget surplusand 2 allow the positive result of the LGU budget to finance goals other than investment-related ones.

The following article presents the results of a study investigating employment of private and non-governmental organisations in Polish municipalities as providers of versatile public services and the resulting nature of the relationship among the latter.

The passing of legislation that requires or allows delivering public services through non-public entities triggered the development of a contract culture in municipalities.

The resultant relationship may be either of a competitive mainly technical services market or cooperative social services nature. The research findings support the hypothesis that Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz municipalities have better developed processes of contracting public services. At the end of the XX-th century the concept of development as a synonym of modernization and progress has been heavily criticized.

It has been Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz that such an approach defines the development as a teleological, uniform, linear, normalizing and instrumental process. This critique, known as post-development approach Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz various ideologies, e. The author claims that the main weaknesses of development concept are due to the unjustified generalizations with respect to the subject, time and space in which the processes are observed.

Coping with those weaknesses do not necessarily require taking radical post-modernistic positions, rejecting any valuation of regional patterns of development. Regional studies may treat development as an open process, not necessarily leading to predetermined outcomes, and not always following the paths of the developed regions.

There are development paths that are nonlinear processes in which the crucial role is played by the endogenous factors, such as activity of local actors. The aim of the article is to present an outline of the concept of revitalisation as a public intervention aimed at strengthening local cohesion. The concept emphasises the multi-faceted, participatory and inclusive nature of revitalisation. The article contains arguments in favour of the following theses: 1 Revitalisation should be not only an ad hoc reaction to the accumulation Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz crisis levels, but also Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz long-term action for local cohesion; 2 The long-term success of Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz depends on the scale and quality of Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz involvement of residents, especially residents from disadvantaged or excluded communities; 3 The inclusion Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz social economy entities in the revitalisation process is an important factor in strengthening local cohesion.

Competitiveness is a key factor determining the development of a region and hence the standard of living of its inhabitants, and human capital is one of the most important factors enabling improvement of regional competitiveness. The aim Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz the presented research is to analyse Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz spatial differentiation Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz the level of human capital in the regions of the European Union EU in relation to their level of competitiveness.

The results show significant disproportions in this respect, especially between the so-called old and new EU. The Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz levels of human capital Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz the old EU Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz were also generally accompanied by a higher level of competitiveness.

In Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz long run, this will lead to an increase in regional disparities in development. The study focuses on the mutual relations between the quality of government and the implementation of the EU Cohesion Policy in various regional contexts.

In this group, changes in the quality of government took place immediately before and after accession to the EU, when the process of adapting the institutional system to the needs related to the implementation of Cohesion Policy occurred. The article attempts Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz indicate the hypothetical spatial extent of the process of rural gentrification. To this end, using the extended case method, the author elaborates on the rural gentrification index that has been developed by describing demographic, social, economic, and spatial changes.

This approach made it Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz to identify areas where the phenomenon in question is the most active. Metropolisation is one of the most dynamic processes of contemporary world, changing the existing settlement patterns and creating new relations between large cities.

In the recent years, metropolisation has also come to include Central and Eastern European countries. The paper looks at the role of these countries in the European metropolitan Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz, and describes the process of the emergence of Polish metropolises, in addition to their social and spatial Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz. Investment policy is a driving force in the transformation of cities.

It plays a significant role both in terms of daily living conditions Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz in the long-term consequences of decisions that are taken. The questionnaire survey and desk research form the basis for assigning cities to the proposed models.

The aim of the article is to measure the sustainable development of rural areas of the Wielkopolska region and define the role of the Rural Development Programme for in reinforcing developmental changes. The conducted research measured sustainable development for the year in three dimensions: economic, social and environmentaland shows the spatial variations of the analysed phenomenon.

As the Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz step, the awarded funds were measured and their impact on sustainable development was assessed. The measurements were carried out with the use of a synthetic measure, while the relationship between the level of development and the level of the awarded funds was assessed using analysis of variance.

The research comprised rural and rural urban municipalities in the region. The findings demonstrate significant variations in the level of sustainable rural development in the Wielkopolska region.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the symmetry of demand and supply Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz affecting Polish voivodeships and to assess the risk of asymmetric shocks in the future. The results point to a relatively high symmetry of shocks Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz a rather low risk of their occurrence.

The research findings support the hypothesis that larger municipalities have better developed processes of contracting public services.

Shock asymmetry does not appear to be strongly related to differences in production structures, which is Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz in most theoretical approaches, including the Optimum Currency Areas Theory.

Robert Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz. The large territorial delimitation of the metropolitan union with 41 local units is a courageous step that proves a high level of mobilisation and strong involvement of Silesian local decision makers. The specific decision-making procedure based on double majority voting should entourage dialogue between the large and small member cities of the metropolitan union.

The generally formulated competences of the metropolitan union allow considerable freedom to the authorities in Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz tasks and projects. Tomasz Grzegorz Grosse. The directions of future changes in the EU Cohesion Policy. Selected topics of the — debate. The debate has been continuing in the shadow of the financial and economic crises and the trouble in the Euro zonewhich were caused by Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz structural differences between the Member States.

The Cohesion Policy is too weak an instrument to solve these problems. In the conclusion, the author presents some recommendations for future Cohesion Policies. Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz of district property and local governance.

The Holocaust Bystander in Polish Culture, | SpringerLink

The purpose of this article is to highlight Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz organisational and financial aspects of managing property at the district level, as well as the role of those aspects in local development, resulting in how property is used and the income it generates. The article contains some suggestions as to Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz a property-managing program should be constructed, based upon research including both source analysis and questionnaire methods.

Katarzyna Krok.

The turn Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz the eighties and nineties was a particular moment for the natural Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz in Poland.

Two important factors occurred at that time. First was the post-communist transformation of the country, which affected all spheres of socio-economic life in Poland. On the other hand, new ideas of sustainable development taking into account both quality of Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz life and quality of natural environment have been spreading all around the world.

Changes in the system of environmental Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz in Poland which occurred after the year Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz, took into consideration the consequences of both processes. It seems therefore interesting to find out how the new instruments worked and what effects they have brought to Poland in the nineties.

This article describes the changes in the quality of different components of natural environment in the areas of environmental risk in Poland between and Using the results and methodology of Rolewicz and Kassenbergthe situation in 27 such areas was analyzed. Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz Kozak. The impact of structural funds on the development of Zielona Gora. The main objective of the paper is to analyze the impact of ? It concentrates on three key aspects of the development: competitiveness and attractiveness; social and territorial cohesion; and the diffusion of developmental processes.

In our research, we have used a variety of methods and sources of information. Our main conclusion is that the Cohesion Policy of that period contributed more to the improvement of the quality of life in Zielona Gora and its surroundings than to its medium- or long-term development.

Development models of local communities in the multi-criteria decision-making process. The goal of the paper is to indicate similarities and differences between strategic priorities of socio-economic development on the basis of research conducted in two local communities: Tymbark and Slopnice. The paper Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz based on a methodological approach called the AHP method, which is used to evaluate the benefits and costs of the basic criteria of socio-economic development and prioritizing models of development.

The research indicates key factors of local development in the framework Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz the endogenous development paradigm. Moreover, the preferred development models have been chosen in the compared Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz. New Theoretical Interpretations of Urban Politics. For some time local governments and urban politics have been undergoing significant changes related to the change of the traditional welfare state model. These changes have concerned Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz, political and management Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz.

While describing these processes numerous authors refer to the notion of New Public Management. This article discusses three theories which have been created to help in interpretation of on-going processes.

Prostitutes Miedzyrzecz,

The changes mainly concerned the financial and formal-organisational aspects of participatory budgeting process. The main goal of the article was to verify gains and losses coming from participating in the global economy in the light of the core—periphery theory. In depopulating rural areas of Lower Silesia, the population decline is compounded by negative demographic trends low birth rate, increase in post-working age population.

• United States
• Poland
• Norway
• Belgium
• France
• Italy
• Mozambique
• Germany
• Netherlands
• Japan
• Czech Republic
• Australia
• Israel
• Hungary
• Spain
• Sweden
• Tanzania
• Nigeria
• South Africa
• Finland
• Denmark
• Bulgaria
• Costa Rica
• Latvia
• Portugal
• Cambodia
• Croatia
• Macedonia
• Canada
• Cyprus
• Guadeloupe
• Sudan
• Ireland
• Switzerland
• Cameroon
• Slovakia
• Austria
• New Zealand
• Guam
• Saudi Arabia
• Georgia
• Cape Verde
• Philippines
• Luxembourg
• Guatemala
• China
• India